CHAPTER 13

Other processes and phenomena that contradict an old earth.

There are many processes and phenomena which give evidence of a surprisingly young earth and a young universe.

Uranium decay - this produces not only lead but also helium. The helium passes into the atmosphere, but the amount of helium in the atmosphere is too small. It would only require some thousands of years to produce what is there. There should be much more helium if the process has gone on for millions of years. Evolutionists evade this discrepancy by again introducing another assumption. They assume that the missing helium has escaped into space, without any evidence to support this.

On the contrary, rather than escaping, helium is probably entering our atmosphere from the sun's corona, according to Melvin Cook, physical chemist and professor of Metallurgy, and also according to professor Henry Faell, a leading authority on radioactive dating.

When the uranium decays into helium and lead the evolutionist selects the lead and reads enormous ages from it. The helium is sidestepped because it suggests a young age. This is positively unacceptable!

Earth's Magnetic Field

The magnetic field of our planet is decaying at a steady exponential rate. It has been carefully measured over approximately one and a half centuries. At this rate of decay there will be no magnetic field remaining in the year 4000a.d.

An exponential decay of the earth's magnetism undeniably attests to a young planet earth.

The total energy stored in the earth's magnetic field has steadily decreased by a factor of 2.7 over the past 1,000 years. Evolutionary theories explaining this rapid decrease, as well as how the Earth could have maintained its magnetic field for billions of years, are very complex and inapt.

 If we project the decay rate backwards in time -three thousand years ago, the magnetic field would have been four times its strength just now. Seven thousand years ago it would have been thirty two times as strong as it is now, and ten thousand years ago the earth would have had a magnetic field as strong as that of a magnetic star.

This, according to professor Thomas Barnes, limits the age of the earth's magnetic field to less than ten thousand years. He adds:- "since there is no known geophysical means of producing this huge electromagnet, the magnetic field must have originated at the very beginning of the earth." Hence, he deduces that the earth might well be less than ten thousand years old."

Saturn

The rings of Saturn are our next witness to a young earth. These wonderful rings are still unstable and they are widening and getting closer to the planet. This instability puts a limit on Saturn's age. It has been estimated by Harold Jeffries, geophysicist, that the rings should have reached stability in much less than one million years. This is evidence that Saturn's rings are young and that Saturn is young and by inference the solar system and earth are young.

Comets

Comets are dazzling evidence of a young universe. Comets put the billion year believers in a quandary and once again assumptions provide the escape.

The dilemma is this - comets are disintegrating and short period comets are disintegrating so fast that after ten thousand years there will not be any remaining. In fact, some are known to have disappeared. Every time a comet sweeps close to the sun, it has its moment of glory as the beautiful tail forms, but it pays for that moment of glory by losing part of itself; that is, by losing mass at a rate of one hundred tons per second.

All comets are short lived - evidence of a young universe.

Comets are relatively small, perhaps averaging one kilometer in diameter. They cannot afford many moments of glory before they fade into nonexistence. In his 1968 book, 'Mysteries of the Solar System', R.A. Lyterton says :- "probably no short period comet can survive more than about ten thousand years."

But many have still survived. The British Astronomical Association in 1971 listed ninety four short period comets, so there are at least ninety four heavenly witnesses that the solar system is very young.

Meteoritic Dust

Meteorite dust is constantly falling on the earth and moon. On the presumption that this has been going on for billions of years, it was deemed necessary to protect the astronauts who were going to the moon, since it was feared they might swamp into one hundred feet of accumulated meteorite dust on the moon. The astronaut landing craft was fitted with large pancake type landing feet - a wise precaution!

When the astronauts landed on the moon they found approximately half an inch of dust. On the moon the dust that falls is static. It accumulates undisturbed by wind or water or weather, so a mere half inch of dust is impressive evidence that the moon has not been there for long.

Similarly, if the earth is ancient there should be a tremendous amount of meteorite dust. There should be but there is not...

Orbital trajectory and planet Composition

Many undisputed observations contradict the current theories as to how the Solar System evolved. One theory says planets formed when a star, passing near our sun, tore matter from the sun. More popular theories hold that the Solar System formed from a cloud of swirling gas, dust, or larger particles. If the planets and their 63 known moons evolved from the same material, they should have many staggering similarities. After several decades of planetary exploration, this expectation is now recognized as false.

According to these evolutionary theories:

1. Backward-Spinning Planets. All Planets should spin in the same direction, but Venus, Uranus, and Pluto rotate backwards.

2. Backward Orbits - All 63 moons in the Solar System should orbit their planets in the same sense, but at least six have backward orbits. Furthermore, Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune have moons orbiting in both directions.

3. Inclined Orbits - The orbit of each of these 63 moons should lie in the equatorial plane of the planet it orbits, but many, including the earth's moon, are in highly inclined orbits.

4. Hydrogen and Helium - Since about 98% of the sun is hydrogen or helium, Earth, Mars, Venus, and Mercury should have similar compositions. Instead, much less than 1% of these planets is hydrogen or helium.

5. Angular Momentum - The sun should have 700 times more angular momentum than all the planets combined. Instead, the planets have 50 times more angular momentum than the sun.

Poynting-Robertson Effect

The Poynting-Robertson Effect shows us that dust particles orbiting the sun are being struck by the sun's radiation, making them decelerate and steadily slowing them down, so that they spiral into the sun. The smaller the particle the faster it is swallowed up into the sun.

The Poynting-Robertson effect should have swept our solar system clean in less than two hundred million years which, you will admit, is significantly less than four and a half billion years, the supposed age of the system. And yet the dust is still there ...

If we look out to the really big suns i.e. the 'O' stars and the 'B' stars, with one hundred thousand times the radiation of our sun, it follows that those bigger stars should sweep up their dust a great deal quicker than our sun. Nearly all of those giant stars are surrounded by huge clouds of dust - strong evidence of a young universe!

The Poynting-Robertson effect also acts on meteors, causing meteoritic particles to be swept into the sun. In sixty million years all small meteors should have fallen into the sun leaving no dim, small meteors, but only bright, large meteors. What do we find ? We find that there are approximately the same quantity of dim meteors as there are bright meteors.

Why, if meteors have been falling on earth for billions of years, does there seem to be no meteorites buried in ancient rock, or even in old rock strata? Why are meteors only found at the earth's surface?

There is much evidence that contradicts the earth having an old age.

Geophysicist and Astrophysicist Harold Slusher commented :- "Star clusters break up rapidly. Some within thousands of years." In relation to the famous 'seven sisters', if star clusters break up rapidly, and if star clusters are still plentiful, it seems logical that they cannot have been there for more than tens of thousands of years.

Similarly, there are four stars in the Orion Nebula. These four stars are supposedly moving away from a common point at high velocity. If you project backwards, these four stars would have originated at a common point at about ten thousand years ago.

Spiral galaxies, like our own galaxy with spiral arms should wrap up those arms in one rotation, or at most in a few rotations.

A galaxy does not rotate like a solid wheel. A galaxy rotates faster at the centre than at the periphery. This tends to wrap up those trailing arms, in the same way a loosely worn coat slings tight to the body when you pivot yourself and spin quickly. If then our galaxy has well defined spiral arms, it suggests our galaxy is doing its first rotation or at most one of its first rotations. And finally, when you hear astronomers blandly talk about the birth of stars and the formation of galaxies, know this:- nobody has ever seen a star being born nor a galaxy forming.

Coal and oil formation

The prevalent idea that coal and oil required millions of years to form has, in recent times, come under question. Poly-strat fossils have been found going through two or more coal seams. Again, this means rapid formation of coal strata. Furthermore, it is alleged that human fossils and human artefacts have been found in coal, which has been dated at more than thirty million years. In Germany, America and Italy, artefacts and fossils have allegedly been found such as fossilised human skulls, two huge human molar teeth, the jaw bone of a child, iron pots and so on.

Regarding the age of oil, carbon-14 dating in the gulf of Mexico and in New Zealand dated oil at six to seven thousand years.

Man and Dinosaur co-existing ?

By far one of the most eerie finds is that of the human footprints alongside dinosaur footprints in the river bed of Paluxey, Texas - supposedly made one hundred million years ago. Dinosaur footprints and human footprints nearby?

The footprints even cross one another, to the extent that human footprints become imposed on dinosaur footprints. Geologists previously explained this by saying that human footprints must have been carved by Indians. It is an inadequate explanation and it has now been rejected further to a later discovery.

When the presiding cliff face was cut away the human footprints continued where the cliff face had concealed them. Obviously, they could not have been carved by the Indians. Additionally, cave drawings have been found representing dinosaurs.

Dinosaurs living at the same time as humans? Why not?

Mud quantity on ocean floors?

Each year, water and winds erode about 25 billion tons of dirt and rock from the continents and deposit it in the ocean. This material accumulates as loose sediment (i.e. mud) on the hard basaltic (lava-formed) rock of the ocean floor. The average depth of all the mud in the whole ocean, including the continental shelves, is less than 400 metres.

The main way currently known to remove the mud from the ocean floor is by plate tectonic sub-duction. That is, sea floor slides slowly (a few cm/year) beneath the continents, taking some sediment with it. According to some scientific literature, that process presently removes only one billion tons per year. As far as anyone knows, the other 25 billion tons per year simply accumulate. At that rate, erosion would deposit the present amount of sediment in less than 12 million years.

However, according to evolutionary theory, erosion and plate sub-duction have been going on as long as the oceans have existed - an alleged three billion years. If that were the case, these rates would imply that the oceans would be massively choked with mud, which would be several kilometres deep.

Sodium content in the seas.

Every year, rivers and other sources dump over 450 million tons of sodium into the ocean. Only 27% of this sodium manages to get back out of the sea each year. The remainder simply accumulates in the ocean. If the sea had no sodium to start with, it would have accumulated its present amount in less than 42 million years at today's input and output rates. This is much less than the evolutionary age of the ocean - three billion years. The typical reply to this discrepancy is that past sodium inputs must have been less and outputs greater. However, calculations which are as generous as possible to evolutionary scenarios still give a maximum age of only 62 million years. Calculations for many other sea water elements give much younger ages for the ocean.

Injected sandstone shortens geologic 'ages'.

Strong geological evidence exists that the Cambrian Sawatch sandstone -- formed an alleged 500 million years ago -- of the Ute Pass Fault, west of Colorado Springs, was still unsolidified when it was extruded up to the surface during the uplift of the Rocky Mountains, allegedly 70 million years ago. It is very unlikely that the sandstone would not solidify during the supposed 430 million years it was underground. Instead, it is likely that the two geologic events were less than hundreds of years apart, thus greatly shortening the geologic time-scale.

Fossil radioactivity shortens geologic 'ages' to a few years.

Radio halos are rings of colour formed around microscopic pieces of radioactive minerals in rock crystals. They are fossil evidence of radioactive decay. 'Squashed' Polonium-210 radio halos indicate that Jurassic, Triassic and Eocene formations in the Colorado plateau were deposited within months of one another, not hundreds of millions of years apart as required by the conventional time-scale. 'Orphan' Polonium-218 radio halos, having no evidence of their mother elements, imply either instant creation or extreme changes in radioactivity decay rates.

Helium in the wrong places.

All naturally occurring families of radioactive elements generate helium as they decay. If such decay took place for billions of years, as alleged by evolutionists, much helium should have found its way into the earth's atmosphere. The rate of loss of helium from the atmosphere into space is calculable and small. Taking that loss into account, the atmosphere today has only 0.05% of the amount of helium it would have accumulated in five billion years. This means the atmosphere is much younger than the alleged evolutionary age.

A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research shows that helium produced by radioactive decay in deep, hot rocks has not had time to escape. Though the rocks are supposed to be over one billion years old, their large helium retention suggests an age of only thousands of years.

Man and trilobite ?

Findings in Utah have shown human footprints with trilobites. According to evolution trilobites were plentiful in the earliest seas, being an inch or more long. Some trilobites were much bigger. They allegedly became extinct hundreds of millions of years before the evolution of man. How can this be explained ?

Fossilised trilobites.

In Cambrian rock, human footprints, sandal-shoed, with fossil trilobites embedded in the footprint have been found. Later, in the same Cambrian formation, more sandal prints were found as well as two bare footprints of children, one having a small trilobite in the same rock; Cambrian rocks and trilobites - both supposedly having finished hundreds of millions of years before man evolved....

Where are our dead ancestors ?

If mankind has existed for millions of years, one might ask where the remains are of our ancestors? In one million years there would have been twenty five thousand generations of man, and that is by supposing an average of only 2.5 children per family. After twenty five thousand generations, calculations show that there would today be more people than could fit on the earth, and more than could fit in the solar system. The fact that the earth is not crowded implies that the human race is relatively young.

Civilised from the beginning?

Mankind did not begin life as a grunting savage. Mankind was civilised from the beginning. Space does not permit a detailed analysis of the socialogical, historical and archaeological evidence to support this, nor is it the intention of this essay to analyse these. However, a few relevant points should be mentioned at this juncture.

1. The general archaeological consensus is that the middle east was indeed the cradle of the first civilisation. In this cradle, originating from a primitive settlement near Mount Arrarat, quickly flowered on the plains of Messopotania the great prehistoric civilisation of Someria - an extremely advanced culture from nowhere!

2. From this civilisation sprung great cities and cultures such as the Egyptian Empire, and, of course, a remarkably advanced technology, language and culture, immediately appearing from nowhere!

3. One must look to the tribes that, in one way or another, have become detached from the mainstream of civilisation. It is in these tribes that culture has been seen to descend as savagery arises, some of which have even practiced cannibalism. Similarly, their method of communication and education are extremely primitive.

4. The clearest example over the past century are the bizarre accounts of feral children, lost in the wilderness as babies and reared by animals. Studies of these feral children have shown that they make no development as normal humans when brought back to the civilised world.

Finally, the advanced languages of mankind have become an effrontery to evolution. There are no credible explanations as to why different languages exist.

Stalactites.

The belief that stalactite formation takes millions of years has recently come under heavy criticism when it emerged that a lead/zinc mine in North Queensland, Australia, closed off for several years and reopened, exhibited stalactites of more than thirty feet long. The mine itself is approximately fifty years old, which, of course, is the maximum possible age for the stalactites. About 55 metres above this level there is an aquifer in fairly porous dolomite. Slow, continous seepage of lime-saturated water into the old level 5 workings is responsible for these formations.

 Chapter 14

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