CHAPTER 4

Genetic Mutation?

Every organism has a set of genes and half of the genes of that organism come from each parent. The combinations of the genes causes the variation of individuals within the species. The genes of a butterfly, an ape or a fowl carry the code that determines the appearance and the character of the butterfly, the ape and the fowl. The genetic code allows an overwhelming variety within the species of the kind. However, a mutation of the gene will not break through the barrier of the species or the kind. A mutation is basically a gene that has an abnormality in relation to its normal configuration. The abnormality can then be passed to successive offspring, thereby producing a marked difference. There are many different types of mutations. The smallest possible genetic mutation is a 'point-mutation'. This occurs in the DNA when the base-pairs combine with the 'wrong' partner. Multiple point-mutations are common and are found to increase substantially by the effect of mutagens. Mutations are, of course, heritable and these can extend to whole or part chromosomal mutations. Because many genes are affected by a chromosomal mutation, these often have drastic ramifications on the offspring.

Against hard evidence, mutations are supposed to produce the changes that drive the wheels of evolution. Evolution scientists tell us that these mutations would happen by the millions and in groups; not just in individuals here and there, but waves of mutations would hit whole groups of colonies, mutating them as colonies, up the ladder of evolution, becoming more complex and ordered each time.

However, on the contrary, the clear scientific findings say NO, as I will show you. The evidence I will discuss clearly demonstrates that mutations, for practical purposes, are always useless or harmful. In homo-sapiens they can often be fatal. They cause diabetes, club feet, hemophilia, Down's Syndrome, colour blindness, Turner's Syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome, Sickle Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Phenylketonuria, Albinism, Metabolite as well as substitution, addition/inversion of genes and thousands of other such tragic afflictions.

Genes are genuinely magnificent. They are extremely complex, intricate, convoluted, grouped in hundreds of thousands, and, of course - extremely efficient! It follows, therefore, that any mutations within the genes are always detrimental to their function.

All observed mutated genes are deleterious. This is certainly admitted by geneticists after eighty years of intensive experimentation on varieties of different living things.

Not one single mutated gene has ever been found to improve or benefit a species!

The typical cliché used with overkill in support of genetic mutation is the 'sickle cell anemia'; a hereditary, usually fatal anemia marked by the presence of crescent-shaped red blood cells and by episodic pain in the joints, fever, leg ulcers and jaundice. The crescent shaped abnormal blood cells prevent the symptons of certain strains of malaria. And so, the evolutionist grasps this one mutation from billions to try to show it to be an improvement of the previous, despite the fact that sickle cell anemia is essentially fatal.

Another argument used exhaustively to propound belief in evolution is the story of the peppered moth of Birmingham. In the late 1860's the peppered moth was pale in colour. A rare dark form of peppered moth was known to exist. Over the next 100 years the dark form of peppered moth became more and more predominant. The industrial revolution in that area brought with it a massive darkening of the bark on surrounding trees. The dark peppered moth was able to blend in better with its surroundings and thus escape its predators. The lighter coloured moth eventually reached the point of extinction. Hence, a clear, convincing example of natural selection. That is, from the beginning, both dark and light coloured moths are present.

The white and dark form of Peppered Moth (Birmingham)

It is accepted that the enormous variation within the species of moth allows it to have different shades. With the onset of industrialisation, however, the gene pool progressively depletes to the extent that only dark peppered moths exist in that area. A depletion of the gene pool results in a loss of genetic information! Upward evolution of one species into another requires an addition of ordered genetic information, not a removal of genetic information!

However, some evolutionists claim that the dark peppered moth had arisen through a genetic mutation in the light coloured moth. Given that light and dark coloured peppered moths were present from the start, light coloured moths diminished because of their inability to camouflage themselves from predators.

L.Harrison Matthews, a biologist of such distinction he was asked to write the foreward for the 1971 edition of Darwin's Origin of Species, said therein that the peppered moth example showed natural selection, but not 'evolution in action'. Furthermore, British scientist Cyril Clarke investigated the peppered moth for 25 years, and saw only two in their natural habitat by day - no other researchers have seen any. Kettlewell and others attracted the moths into traps in the forest either with light, or by releasing female pheromones - in each case they only flew in at night. Where did the above photograph come from? One paper described how it was done - dead moths were glued to the tree. University of Massachusetts biologist Theodore Sargent helped glue moths onto trees for a NOVA documentary. He says textbooks and films have featured a 'lot of fraudulent photographs'.

If you are still not convinced that evolution cannot be explained by genetic mutation, the absolute rebuttal to the belief in genetic mutation being able to improve or change the species are the long years of rigorous experimentation and research, especially on the drosophylis, otherwise known as the 'fruit- fly'.

The common fruit-fly; used extensively in genetic experimentation.

Fruit flies used in intensive experimentation were irradiated with high levels of radiation to induce genetic mutations. The results were quite clear. Their wings became stunted, their limbs malformed, their eyes blinded, their size impaired, their body and internal organs contorted, displaced and so on.... Every fruit fly still remained a fruit fly. Their wings, body, eyes, internal organs and limbs etc., although abnormal, were still genetically fruit fly. The abnormalities were transmitted to the next generation, showing that these were indeed true mutations. Fruit flies breed rapidly, and that makes them good subjects for experimentation. The high dosage of radiation increased the rate of mutation to fifteen thousand percent. After intensive, lengthy experimentation and thousands upon thousands of generations of fruit flies, it was clear that the fruit fly refused to turn into anything else.

Certainly there were variations, and plenty of them; in wings, in eyes, in feet, in organs, in size and in bristles. There was grotesqueness, and there were freaks. The strangest of all was the fruit fly that had a foot protruding from its mouth. The displaced fruit fly foot was still genetically that of a fruit fly. Another interesting observation is that no matter how monstrous the offspring, it was able to breed with the parent stock if it was capable of breeding at all. That, of course, means it was still the same fruit fly species!

Throughout it all, from first to last, the fruit fly was still genetically a fruit fly!

Despite the facts before us and the long-term experimentation carried out to confirm them, genetic mutations are still being used as evidence of evolution. Why?

Mutations are a misfortune. They do not produce evolution, and many good scientists admit this. We could not go much higher than England's man of medicine - Sir Peter Medawar CBE, MA, BsC, and fellow of the Royal Society as well as Nobel Prize winner. Medawar admits that "there is no genetic process that science knows of that could produce the changes required for the process of evolution."

Many evolutionists keep hoping that facts will be discovered to fit the theory. Against this evidence, however, modern Darwinists cling to mutations for evolution. Why?

A mutation has the ability to alter an organ to its detriment or even misplace an organ. It always remains an organ of the species concerned. It is never the start of a new, more complex organ of a different species.

Example - There is a certain beetle called the Bombardier Beetle. This beetle contains two chemical tanks in its body. When the beetle is attacked by a predator, the two different chemicals in the tanks are sprayed out from the beetle. They combine in the air and create a hot chemical explosion in the face of the predator. According to evolution, when the very first mutation appeared and the chemical tanks were just starting to form but were not yet functional, they would not provide any survival benefit to the beetle. It would take many thousands of mutations over many millions of years to produce the end mechanism. But since mutations are not beneficial and random they could never follow a pattern to produce the end result, especially since the mechanism would not provide any survival advantage until it was fully developed.

Example - Amazonian Angel Fish use their reflective scales to form highly powerful mirrored reflectors. By shifting their body at a specific angle to incident light, they are able to focus the full force of sunlight so that a narrow laser-like beam hits the eye of their prey. This beam is able to burst the prey's blood vessels, stunning and sometimes even killing it. Again, this awesome mechanism of defence, when in its random formation, would have had no survival advantage to the fish.

Example - similarly, the human eye presents resounding confusion and embarrassment amongst evolutionists. The eye is complex beyond our comprehension, and, once again, testifies to a magnificent order and design.

Simplified diagram of the human eye.

Genetic mutation has never been observed to improve, modify or make an organism more complex. Not one convincing case exists! Mutations are always detrimental to the species concerned. It has been presupposed that evolution is, in fact, true. Thus, from this presupposition follows a search to find a mechanism which demonstrates the process of evolution.

Evolution requires billions of positive mutations in millions of different species of both plants and animals. Literally trillions of positive mutations would be required, and yet no one has been able to show one single, honest, convincing case. This completely extirpates the belief that evolution has happened by genetic mutation.

Chapter 5

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